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 Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or succeed
English
By Jared Diamond
Published: 2005
WHO HASN'T GAZED upon the abandoned temples of Angkor Wat or the jungle-choked cities of the Maya and wondered, could the same fate happen to us? In this riveting book, Jared Diamond—whose Guns, Germs, and Steel revolutionized our understanding of history—explores how humankind's use and abuse of the environment reveal the truth behind the world's great collapses, from the Anasazi of North America to the Vikings of Greenland to modern Montana. What emerges is a fundamental pattern of environmental catastrophe—one whose warning signs surround us today and that we ignore at our peril. Blending the most recent scientific advances and a vast historical perspective into a narrative that is impossible to put down, Collapse exposes the deepest mysteries of the past even as it offers hope for the future.
"Diamond's most influential gift may be his ability to write about geopolitical and environmental systems in ways that don't just educate and provoke, but entertain." -The Seattle Times
"Extremely persuasive ... replete with fascinating stories, a treasure trove of historical anecdotes [and] haunting statistics." -The Boston Globe
"Essential reading... Collapse [shows] that resilient societies are nimble ones, capable of long-term planning and of abandoning deeply entrenched but ultimately destructive core values and beliefs." -Nature
"There are hopeful messages in Collapse. With Diamond's help, maybe we'll learn to see our problems a little more clearly before we chop down that last palm tree." -Time
"Extraordinarily panoramic . .. Diamond's complex historical web of how human communities either master their environment or become victims of them....takes a lifetime of research and, in normal English, leads the reader painstakingly where the media and intellectual journals have often refused to go."
—The Washington Post
 Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
English
By Jared Diamond
Published: 2005
ISBN: 0393-06131-0
Why did Eurasians conquer,displace, or decimate Native Americans, Australians, and Africans, instead of the reserve? In this groundbreaking book, already of classic of our time, evolutionary biologist Jared Diamond stunningly dismantles racially based theories of human history by revealing the environmental factor actually responsible for history’s broadest patterns. Here, at last, is a world history that really is a history of all the world’s peoples, a unified narrative of human life.
The story begins 13.000 years ago, when Stone Age hunter-gatherers constituted the entire human population. Around that time, the paths of development of human societies on different continents began to diverge greatly. Early domestigation of wild plants and animals in the Fertile Crescent, China, Mesoamerica, the Andes, and other areas gave people of those regions a head start. Why weat and corn, cattle and pigs, and the modern world’s other “Blockbuster” crops and livestock arose in those particuler regions and not elsewhere was, until now, only incompletely understood.
The localized origins of farming and herding proved to be only part of the explanation-for the differing fates of different peoples. The very unequal rates at which foor production spread from those initial centers had much to do with other features of climate and geography-such as the differing sizes, locations, and even shapes of the continents. Only societies that advanced beyond the hunter gatherer stage acquired a potencial for developing writing, technology, government, and organized religions-as well as those nasty germs and potent weapons of war.
 Татвар хураах механизм
Монгол
Бодлогын судалгаа, Нээлттэй Нийгэм Форум
Бодлогын судлаач: Г.Алтанзаяа
Хэвлэсэн: 2007 он
Монгол Улсын Үндсэн хуулийн 17-р зүйлийн 3-р заалт1, Татварын ерөнхий хуулийн 10-р зүйлийн 1 -р заалта, Татвар ногдуулалт төлөлтед хяналт тавих, татвар хураах тухай хуулийн 9-р зүйлийн 1 -р заалт3, 15-р зүйлийн 1 -р заалт-д заасан эрх зүйн хүрээнд Монгол улсад татвар төлөгч нь өөрөө татвараа тодорхойлон төлдөг тогтолцоо үйлчилдэг. Энэ нь нийт татвар төлөгчдөөс татварын хуулиудыг хэрэгжүүлэхэд татвар төлөгчеөр буртгүүлэх, татвар ногдуулах орлого, зүйлс, татвараа тооцоолох, түүнийгээ бүртгэж, тайлагнах ажилбаруудыг хуулийн хүрээнд хэрэгжүүлэхийг үүрэг болгосон гэсэн үг.
Энэ нөхцөлд татвараа хураах механизмын хэрэгжилт нь татвар төлөгчдийн татварын тайлангаа гарган тушааж буй үзүүлэлтээр хэмжигдэх юм. Судалгаанаас үзвэл, 2003, 2004, 2005 онуудад нийт хуулийн этгээдийн 90 орчим хувь нь аж ахуйн нэгж байгууллагын орлогын албан татварын тайлангаа татварын албанд тушаадгаас 50 орчим хувь нь "X"5 болон алдагдалтай ажилласан гэж тайлагнажээ. Зөвхөн үлдсэн хэсэг нь орлогын албан татварыг ямар нэг хэмжээгээр төсөвт төлдөг байна. Бусад татваруудын тайлан тушаалт, ялангуяа иргэний болон төлбөр, хураамжийн тухайд үзүүлэлт бүр хангалтгүй байгаа,
Татвар төлөгчид татвараа өөрөө тодорхойлон төлөх үүргээ шударгаар хэрэгжүүлэх нөхцлийг хангаж чадахуйц механизмыг бий болгох нь нийгмийн хэрэгцээ юм.
Энэ номыг Нээлттэй Нийгэм Форумын Хөгжлийн Мэдээллийн Төвд ирж үзэхийг урьж байна.
Хаяг: Сүхбаатар дүүрэг, Жамъян гүний гудамж 5/1, Нээлттэй Нийгэм Форумын байр, утас 313207 |
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